Everything about Circus Performing Arts totally explained
A
circus is most commonly a traveling company of performers that may include
acrobats,
clowns, trained animals, trapeze acts,
hoopers, tightrope walkers,
jugglers, unicyclists and other stunt-oriented artists. The word also describes the performance that they give, which is usually a series of acts that are choreographed to music. A circus is held in an oval or circular arena with tiered seating around its edge; in the case of traveling circuses this location is most often a large
tent called the
big top.
History of the circus
In Ancient Rome the circus was a building for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, displays featuring trained animals, jugglers, and acrobats. The circus of Rome is thought to have been influenced by the Greeks, with chariot racing and the exhibition of animals as traditional attractions. The Roman circus consisted of tiers of seats running parallel with the sides of the course, and forming a crescent around one of the ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank; there were also various state boxes, eg. for the giver of the games and his friends. In Ancient Rome the circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were not separated.
The first circus in Rome was the
Circus Maximus, in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills. Next in importance to the Circus Maximus in Rome was the
Circus Flaminius, the
Circus Neronis, from the notoriety which it obtained through the Circensian pleasures of Nero. A fourth, the
Circus of Maxentius, was constructed by
Maxentius; the ruins of this circus have enabled archaeologists to reconstruct the Roman circus.
Following the fall of Rome, Europe lacked a large and animal rich circus. Itinerant showmen traveled the fair grounds of Europe. Animal trainers and performers are thought to have exploited the nostalgia for the Roman circus, traveling between towns and performing at local fairs. Another possible link between the Roman and modern circus could have been bands of
Gypsies who appeared in Europe in the 14th century and in Britain from the 15th century bringing with them circus skills and trained animals.
In China's
Eastern Han Dynasty scholar
Zhang Heng was one of the first to describe acrobatic theme shows in the royal palaces in his writing "Ode to the Western Capital". A grand acrobatic show was held by
Emperor Wu of Han in 108 BC for foreign guests. Most western text describe the circus as a
"Chinese Circus". The
Far East generally see it as a separate performance art called
Chinese variety art, and isn't believed to be a direct predecessor to
"Western Circus" despite many stunts and performances being similar.
Development of the circus
The modern concept of a circus as a circular arena surrounded by tiers of seats, for the exhibition of equestrian, acrobatic, and other performances seems to have existed since the late 18th century. The popularity of the circus in
England may be traced to that held by
Philip Astley in London, the first performance of his circus is said to have been held on
January 9,
1768. One of Astley's major contributions to the circus was bringing trick horse riding into a ring, though Astley referred to it as the Circle. Later, to suit equestrian acts moving from one circus to another, the diameter of the circus ring was set at 42 feet (13 m), which is the size ring needed for horses to circle comfortably at full gallop. Astley never called his performances a 'circus'; that title was thought up by his rival John Hughes, who set up his Royal Circus a short distance from Astley's 'Amphitheatre of Equestrian Arts' in Lambeth, London. Astley was followed by
Andrew Ducrow, whose feats of horsemanship had much to do with establishing the traditions of the circus, which were perpetuated by Henglers and Sangers celebrated shows in a later generation. In England circuses were often held in purpose built buildings in large cities, such as the
London Hippodrome, which was built as a combination of the circus, the menagerie and the variety theatre, where wild animals such as lions and elephants from time to time appeared in the ring, and where convulsions of nature such as floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions have been produced with an extraordinary wealth of realistic display.
Antonio Franconi, the founder of the French circus, is credited by many to be a co-creator of the modern circus, along with Philip Astley.
The first circus building in the United States opened in 1793 in
Philadelphia with a performance by
John Bill Ricketts.
George Washington attended a performance there later that season. In the Americas of the first two decades of the 19th century, The
Circus of Pepin and Breschard toured from Montreal to Havana, building circus theatres in many of the cities they visited. Later the establishments of Purdy, Welch & Co., and of van Amburgh gave a wider popularity to the circus in the
United States. In 1825
Joshuah Purdy Brown was the first circus owner to use a large canvas tent for the circus performance. Circus pioneer
Dan Rice was probably the most famous circus and clown pre-Civil War, popularizing such expressions as "The One-Horse Show" and "
Hey, Rube!". The American circus was revolutionized by
P. T. Barnum and
William Cameron Coup, who launched
P. T. Barnum's Museum, Menagerie & Circus, a travelling combination animal and human oddities, the exhibition of humans as a
freak show or
sideshow was thus an American invention. Coup was also the first circus entrepreneur to use
circus trains to transport the circus from town to town; a practice that continues today and introduced the first multiple ringed circuses.
In 1840 the equestrian
Thomas Cooke returned to England from the United States, bringing with him a circus tent. Three important circus innovators were Italian
Giuseppe Chiarini, and Frenchmen
Louis Soullier and
Jacques Tourniaire, whose early travelling circuses introduced the circus to Latin America, Australia, South East Asia, China, India, South Africa and Russia. Soullier was the first circus owner to introduce Chinese acrobatics to the European circus when he returned from his travels in 1866 and Tourniaire was the first to introduce the performing art to Ranga where it became extremely popular. Following Barnum's death his circus merged with that of
James Anthony Bailey, and travelled to Europe as Barnum & Bailey "Greatest Show On Earth" where it toured from 1897 to 1902, impressing other circus owners with its large scale, its touring techniques including the tent and circus train and the combination of circus acts, zoological exhibition and the freak show. This format was adopted by European circuses at the turn of the 20th century.
The influence of the American circus brought about a considerable change in the character of the modern circus. In arenas too large for speech to be easily audible, the traditional comic dialog of the clown assumed a less prominent place than formerly, while the vastly increased wealth of stage properties relegated to the background the old-fashioned equestrian feats, which were replaced by more ambitious acrobatic performances, and by exhibitions of skill, strength and daring, requiring the employment of immense numbers of performers and often of complicated and expensive machinery.
In 1919, Lenin, head of the USSR, expressed a wish for the circus to become 'the people's art-form', given facilities and status on a par with theatre, opera and ballet. The USSR nationalized the Soviet circuses. When the Moscow State Circus company began international tours in the 1950's, its levels of originality and artistic skill were widely applauded, and the high standard of the Russian State circus continues to this day.
The International Circus Congress held in Madrid over the 4th to 6th October 1988 issued the following statement:
(1) That each country be asked to recognize that the circus arts are a valuable cultural manifestation and form an essential part of the culture and history of humanity.
(2) That the circus is an entertainment worthy of protection in each country, to conserve the circus arts and the way of life of its performers.
(3)That the real identity and quality of the circus should be defended in order to avoid its degradation.
(4) That the setting up of circus schools be encouraged and that places there be available to students from other countries.
(5) That animals are an integral part of the circus.
Full details of the above Congress meeting appeared in the Circus Fans of Great Britain 'King Pole' Magazine December 1988 issue.
Contemporary circus
In the 1960s and 1970s, the circus began to lose popularity as people became more interested in alternative forms of entertainment. Some circuses have stayed afloat by merging with other circus companies. There are numerous circuses that maintain a mix of animal and human performers, these include
Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus, the
Moscow State Circus, Circus Krone
(External Link
) from Munich,
Circus Royale from Australia and the
Big Apple Circus.
Circus Circus is a
Las Vegas circus themed casino and the largest permanent big top in the world also presents human and animal performances.
Cirque nouveau / New Circus is a performing arts movement that developed in the 1970s, simultaneously in
France,
Australia the West Coast of the U.S. and the U.K . There are no animals used in this type of circus and influences are drawn as much from contemporary culture as from circus history. Examples include
Circus Oz forged in
Australia in 1977 from SoapBox Circus and New Circus, both founded in the early 70's, The Pickle Family Circus
(External Link) founded in
San Francisco in 1975, and more recently
Circus Burlesque from the U.K in 1980 and Nofitstate circus
(External Link) in 1984 from
Wales,
Cirque du Soleil founded in
Quebec, Canada in 1984,
Archaos in 1986,
Club Swing in 1994, through to more recent examples such as
Teatro ZinZanni, founded in Seattle in 1998,
Quebec's
Cirque Éloize, Les 7 Doigts de la Main, also know as The 7 Fingers
(External Link), and the West African (
French Guinea - Guinée) Circus Baobab
(External Link) in the late 90's. The form includes other circus troupes such as the
Le Cirque Imaginaire, later renamed
Le Cirque Invisible both founded and directed by
Victoria Chaplin, granddaughter of
Charlie Chaplin, the
Tiger Lillies,
Circus Monoxide, Acrobat, Dislocate
(External Link), RANGA Circus
(External Link) (now
CIRCA), and Throwdown, while
The Jim Rose Circus and
The Happy Sideshow are both interesting takes on the
sideshow.
Swedish nouveau circus company
Cirkus Cirkör was founded 1995. U.S. Company PURE Cirkus
(External Link) under the Genre of Cirque Noir, was founded in 2004, and in
Northern England, (United Kingdom), combining punk, rap, dance music, comedy, and daring stunts,
Skewed Circus delivers "pop-circus" genre entertainment to young urban audiences who have not had the opportunity to visit traditional circuses.
Circuses from
China, drawing on Chinese
traditions of
acrobatics, like the
Chinese State Circus are also popular touring acts.
The
International Circus Festival of Monaco(External Link) has been held in
Monte Carlo since 1974 and was the first of many international awards for circus performers.
The circus performance
A traditional circus performance is led by a
ringmaster who has a role similar to a
Master of Ceremonies. The ringmaster presents performers, speaks to the audience, and generally keeps the show moving. The activity of the circus takes place within a ring; large circuses may have multiple rings, like the six ringed Moscow State Circus. A circus traditionally has its own band.
Circus acts
Common acts include a variety of
acrobatics and
gymnastics including
tightrope walking, aerial acts such as
trapeze and
cradle, and a variety of floor routines.
Juggling is also a common act in circuses; the combination of juggling and gymnastics is called
equilibristics and include acts like
plate spinning or the
rolling globe.
Clowns are common to most circuses and are typically skilled in many circus acts; "clowns getting into the act" is a very familiar theme in any circus. Famous circus clowns have included
Austin Miles, the
Fratellini Family,
Emmett Kelly,
Grock and
Bill Irwin.
Daredevil
stunt acts and
sideshow acts are also parts of some circus acts, these activities may include
human cannonball,
chapeaugraphy,
fire eating,
breathing and
dancing,
knife throwing,
magic shows,
sword swallowing or
strongman. Famous sideshow performers include
Zip the Pinhead and
The Doll Family. A popular sideshow attraction from the early 19th century was the
flea circus, where fleas were attached to props and viewed through a
Fresnel lens.
Animal acts
A variety of animals have historically been used in acts. While the types of animals used vary from circus to circus,
big cats,
elephants,
horses,
birds,
sea lions and domestic animals are the most common.
The earliest involvement in animals in circus was just the display of exotic creatures. As far back as the early eighteenth century, exotic animals were transported to North America for display, and menageries were a popular form of entertainment. The first true animals acts in the circus were equestrian acts. Soon elephants and big cats were displayed as well. Isaac A. Van Amburgh entered a cage with several big cats in 1833, and is generally considered to be the first wild animal trainer in circus history.
Mabel Stark was a famous female tiger-tamer.
Recently the use of animals in the circus has been a matter for controversy, as animal-welfare groups have documented multiple instances of
animal cruelty, used in the training of performing animals. Elephants in particular have been of some problem recently as is demonstrated by "Tyke" (1974 –
August 20,
1994) a circus elephant who on
August 20,
1994 in
Honolulu, Hawaii, killed her trainer,
Allen Campbell, and mauled her groomer, Dallas Beckwith causing severe injuries during a Circus International performance before hundreds of horrified spectators at the
Neal Blaisdell Center. Tyke then bolted from the arena and ran through downtown streets of
Kakaako for more than thirty minutes. Police fired 86 shots at Tyke who eventually collapsed from the wounds and died.
In 1998 in the UK, The Circus Animal Working Party, chaired by MP Roger Gale, studied animal conditions and treatment in UK circuses. All members of this Party agreed that a change in the law was needed to protect circus animals. Mr Gale, Conservative MP for Thanet North, told the BBC, "It's undignified and the conditions under which they're kept are woefully inadequate - the cages are too small, the environments they live in are not suitable and many of us believe the time as come for that practice to end." Also cited in the study were concerns about boredom and stress, as well as noting that an independent study by a member of the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit at Oxford University "found no evidence that circuses contribute to education or conservation."
Sweden, Austria, Costa Rica, India, Finland, and Singapore have restricted the use of animals in entertainment. The UK and Scottish Parliaments have committed to ban certain wild animals in travelling circuses. In response to a growing unease from the public about the use of animals in entertainment, the formation of animal free circuses have begun cropping up around the globe, and animal free circuses have begun to be more wide-spread..
Circus music, films and plays
Entrance of the Gladiators", and was composed in 1904 by
Julius Fučík. Other circus music includes "El Caballero", "Quality Plus", "Sunnyland Waltzes", "The Storming of El Caney", "Pahjamah", "Bull Trombone", "Big Time Boogie", "Royal Bridesmaid March", "The Baby Elephant Walk", "Liberty Bell March", "Java", Strauss's "Radetsky March", and "Pageant of Progress".
Plays set in a circus include the 1896 musical
The Circus Girl by
Lionel Monckton,
Polly of the Circus written in 1907 by
Margaret Mayo,
He Who Gets Slapped written by Russian
Leonid Andreyev 1916 and later adapted into on of the first circus films,
Caravan written in 1932 by
Carl Zuckmayer, the revue
Big Top written by
Herbert Farjeon in 1942,
Top of the Ladder written by
Tyrone Gutheris in 1950,
Stop the World, I Want to Get Off written by
Anthony Newley in 1961, and
Barnum with music by
Cy Coleman and lyrics and book by
Mark Bramble.
Following the First World War circus films became popular; in 1924
He Who Gets Slapped was the first film released by
MGM; in 1925
Sally of the Sawdust (remade 1930),
Variety, and
Vaudeville were produced, followed by
The Devil's Circus in 1926 and
The Circus starring
Charlie Chaplin,
Circus Rookies,
4 Devils; and
Laugh Clown Laugh in 1928. German film
Salto Mortale about trapeze artists was released in 1930 and remade in the United States and released as
Trapeze starring
Burt Lancaster in 1956; in 1932
Freaks was released;
Charlie Chan at the Circus,
Circus (USSR) and
The Three Maxiums were released in 1936 and
At the Circus starring the
Marx Brothers and
You Can't Cheat an Honest Man in 1939. Circus films continued to be popular during the Second World War,
The Great Profile starring
John Barrymore was released in 1940, the animated
Disney film
Dumbo,
Road Show and
The Wagons Roll at Night in 1941 and
Captive Wild Woman in 1943.
The film
Tromba, about a tiger trainer was released in 1948 and in 1952
Cecil B. de Mille's Oscar winning film
The Greatest Show on Earth was first shown. Released in 1953 were
Man on a Tightrope and
Ingmar Bergman's
Gycklarnas afton released as
Sawdust and Tinsel in the United States;
Life is a Circus;
Ring of Fear;
3 Ring Circus and
La strada an Oscar winning film by
Federico Fellini about a girl who is sold to a circus strongman; Fellini made a second film set in the circus called
The Clowns in 1970. Films about the circus made since 1959 include
B-movie Circus of Horrors, musical
Billy Rose's Jumbo,
A Tiger Walks a Disney film about a tiger that escapes from the circus and
Circus World starring
John Wayne.
Circus Buildings
In some towns, there are circus buildings. The best known are
In other countries, purpose-built circus buildings still exist which are no longer used as circuses, or are used for circus only occasionally among a wider programme of events; for example, the Circus Schumann in Copenhagen, Denmark or
Cirkus in Stockholm, Sweden.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Circus Performing Arts'.
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